21 Blackjack Wikipedia

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21 Blackjack Wikipedia 4,3/5 8329 votes

The 21 movie's true story reveals that the real MIT Blackjack Team was investigated by Griffin Investigations, a security agency that had been used by casinos worldwide. Andy Anderson, a tall silver-haired man who worked for Griffin, followed the team for four to five years and played a major role in exposing their strategy ( Breaking Vegas ). The 21 true story reveals that the real MIT Blackjack Team was led by three individuals, none of whom were professors. Arguably, the most notable is Bill Kaplan, a Harvard Business school graduate who had also done his undergraduate studies at Harvard. John Chang and J.P. Massar were also very much the basis for 21 's Micky Rosa.

Blackjack, formerly also Black Jack and Vingt-Un, is the American member of a global family of banking games known as Twenty-One, whose relatives include the British game of Pontoon and the European game, Vingt-et-Un. It is a comparing card game between one or more players and a dealer, where each player in turn competes against the dealer. 規則發展至今日，「blackjack」已經不一定需要包含J或黑色的牌了。二十一點的玩法. 擁有最高點數的玩家獲勝，其點數必須等于或低於21點；超過21點的玩家稱為爆牌（Bust）。2點至10點的牌以牌面的點數計算，J、Q、K 每張為10點。.

RQ-21 Blackjack
RQ-21A Small Tactical Unmanned Air System (STUAS) in flight
Role	Unmanned air vehicle
National origin	United States
Manufacturer	Insitu wholly owned subsidiary of Boeing Defense, Space & Security
First flight	28 July 2012
Introduction	April 2014
Status	In service
Primary users	United States Marine Corps United States Navy
Number built	109 systems with 5 air vehicles each (estimated through FY2017)^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]
Program cost	US$559 million (estimated U.S. DoD cost for 104 systems through FY2017)^[1]
Developed from	Boeing Insitu ScanEagle

The Boeing Insitu RQ-21 Blackjack, formerly called the Integrator, is an Americanunmanned air vehicle designed and built by Boeing Insitu to meet a United States Navy requirement for a small tactical unmanned air system (STUAS).^[5] It is a twin-boom, single-engine monoplane, designed as a supplement to the Boeing Scan Eagle.^[5] The Integrator weighs 61 kg (134 lb) and uses the same launcher and recovery system as the Scan Eagle.^[5]

Development[edit]

The RQ-21 was selected in June 2010 over the Raytheon Killer Bee, AAI Aerosonde, and General Dynamics/Elbit Systems Storm.^[6]

The RQ-21A Integrator first flew on 28 July 2012.^[5] On 10 September 2012, the Integrator entered developmental testing with a 66-minute flight. The Navy launched one using a pneumatic launcher and a recovery system known as Skyhook. This eliminates the need for runways and enables a safe recovery and expeditionary capability for tactical missions on land or sea. At the current testing rate, Initial Operational Capability (IOC) was expected in 2013.^[7]

On 10 February 2013, the Integrator completed its first at-sea flight from the USS Mesa Verde, a San Antonio-class amphibious transport dock. This followed completing three months of land-based flights.^[8]

On 19 February 2013, Insitu completed the first flight of the RQ-21A Block II. It weighs 121 lb (55 kg) and flew for 2 hours. It was controlled by a new ground control system meant to integrate dissimilar UAV systems. The Block II has the sensor from the Nighteagle, the night version of the ScanEagle, and is designed to operate in high-temperature environments.^[9]

On 15 May 2013, the Department of the Navy announced that the RQ-21A Integrator received Milestone C approval authorizing the start of low-rate initial production. With Milestone C approval, the Integrator entered production and deployment.^[10]

On 12 June 2013, the RQ-21A completed its first East Coast flight from Webster Field Annex, starting the next phase of tests for the Integrator. The UAV was launched with a pneumatic launcher, flew for 1.8 hours, and was recovered with an Insitu-built system known as the STUAS Recovery System (SRS), which allows safe recovery of the STUAS on land or at sea. This phase of testing was to validate updates made to the aircraft which include software, fuselage, and camera enhancements. The Integrator was test flown at lower density altitudes. Integrated Operational Test and Evaluation (IOT&E) was scheduled for October 2013.^[11]

In September 2013, the Integrator was renamed the RQ-21A Blackjack. On 28 November 2013, the U.S. Navy awarded Boeing Insitu an $8.8 million contract for one low-rate production aircraft in preparation for full-rate production.^[12]

In January 2014, the first low-rate production RQ-21A Blackjack began IOT&E for the U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps. Testing was conducted over the next several months to demonstrate its effectiveness in realistic combat conditions.^[13] The Navy ordered three Blackjack systems in December 2014.^[14] By July 2015, the Navy had received two Blackjack systems.^[15] In July 2018, the Marines phased out the RQ-7 Shadow in favor of the Blackjack.^[16]

Design[edit]

The RQ-21A Blackjack is designed to support the U.S. Marine Corps by providing forward reconnaissance. A Blackjack system is composed of five air vehicles and two ground control systems. The air vehicles can be launched on land or on a ship by a rail and land using a 'skyhook' recovery system, where a vertical wire must be hooked onto its wing; when on the ground, the launch and recovery systems are towable by vehicles. Its wingspan is 16 ft (4.9 m) and it can carry a 39 lb (18 kg) payload. The day/night camera can achieve resolution rating of 7 on the NIIRS scale at 8,000 ft (2,400 m).^[6]

The Marines are working with Insitu to modify the Blackjack fuselage to carry greater and more various payloads. Enlarging the fuselage would increase its maximum takeoff weight from 135 lb (61 kg) to 145 lb (66 kg) and lengthen endurance from 16 hours to 24 hours. New turrets are being explored as well as other payloads including a synthetic-aperture radar to track ground targets, a laser designator to mark targets for precision-guided munitions, and foliage-penetration capabilities for foreign customers operating in lush environments.^[6] The Office of Naval Research (ONR) plans to add a sensor to the Blackjack that combines an electro-optical camera, wide area imager, short wave infrared hyperspectral imager, and a high-resolution camera for use as an inspection sensor into a single payload by 2020.^[17]

In Marines service, the Blackjack sometimes uses the designation MQ-21,^[18] where the 'M' prefix indicates 'ground launched, mobile' operations, versus the 'R' prefix indicating operating from a surface ship.^[19]

Operational history[edit]

Sailors recover a RQ-21A at sea

The U.S. Marine Corps deployed its first RQ-21A Blackjack system to Afghanistan in late April 2014. One Blackjack system is composed of five air vehicles, two ground control systems, and launch and recovery support equipment. It supports intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) missions using multi-intelligence payloads including day and night full-motion video cameras, an infrared marker, a laser range finder, a communications relay package, and automatic identification system receivers.^[20] The models in Afghanistan were early operational capability (EOC) aircraft without shipboard software or testing. Deploying the aircraft on the ground was a method to detect and fix problems early to avoid delaying the project.^[6] The RQ-21 returned from its deployment on 10 September 2014 after flying nearly 1,000 hours in 119 days in theater. EOC Blackjacks will continue to be used for training, while completion of shipboard testing is planned to result in the system's first ship-based deployment in spring 2015.^[21]

The Marine Corps declared Initial Operational Capability (IOC) for the RQ-21A Blackjack in January 2016.^[22] During the summer of 2016, MARSOC deployed the RQ-21A to Iraq.^[23]

Full rate productions of the RQ-21A has been delayed because of serious system quality issues. The Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) issued reviews on the program in 2013, 2014, and 2015. The 2015 report indicates that many of these issues have not been resolved, despite OSD reporting issues in previous years. The 2015 report stated that the RQ-21A was 'not operationally effective', 'not operationally suitable', that the 'system has exploitable cyber security vulnerabilities, and the overall assessment pointed out several major requirements failures.^[24]

Operators[edit]

Map with RQ-21 Blackjack operators in blue

Canada

Department of National Defence – 1 system purchased which includes 5 aircraft. The DND was also the first international customer for the UAS.^[25]
Royal Canadian Navy – The RQ-21 Blackjack UAV contact was extended to include the installation of UAV launch, recovery and control capability on all Halifax-class patrol frigates.^[26]